הנדסת חשמל

שתף אותנו בקישורים לספרים וסיכומי הרצאות שמצאת ברשת

2006-11-15T18:42:00.000-08:00

אתר זה מציע קישורים לספרי לימוד, סיכומי הרצאות וטקסטים ללא תשלום בתחומי הנדסת החשמל הנמצאים ברשת האינטרנט

תוכל לספר לנו על קישורים נוספים שמצאת באמצעות ההערות שבסוף ההודעה הנוכחית, הקלד את כתובת האינטרנט של הספר ואם תרצה תוכל להוסיף פרטים כמו: שם הספר, שם המחבר ואת הערותיך לתוכן הספר

Revision to Fundamentals of Power Electronics

2004-11-29T05:31:00.000-08:00

Revision to Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Complete Table of Contents
Abridged Table of Contents: Chapter titles only
Preface
Index 101kB -searchable with Adobe Acrobat
Errata, first printing
Supplementary material for instructors
Slides
Solutions to selected problems
Other supplementary material
Proximity effect: computer functions 70kB
Ferrite toroid data: Excel 5 spreadsheet
Derivation of Gg0, Eqs. (11.84) and (11.85)

Fundamentals ofPower ElectronicsFirst and Second Editions
Accompanying material for instructors
The materials below are intended to be used by instructors of power electronics classes who have adopted Fundamentals of Power Electronics as a text. These instructors may download and use the files for educational purposes free of charge. Students and others who have purchased the text may also use the slides as an educational supplement to the text. Other uses of these materials is prohibited. All slides copyright R. W. Erickson 1997-2004.
The slides for each chapter are contained in a .pdf file. These files can be read using the Adobe Acrobat viewer, available free from the Adobe Acrobat web site. Slides and overhead transpariencies covering the material of the entire book can be produced using these files.
Back
Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction 98kB, Updated second edition slides 519 kB, Powerpoint version 6.5MB.
Part 1: Converters in Equilibrium
Chapter 2. Principles of steady-state converter analysis 126kB, Updated second edition slides 633 kB, Powerpoint version 8.4 MB
Chapter 3. Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, losses, and efficiency 98kB, Updated second edition slides 461 kB
Chapter 4. Switch realization 201kB, Updated second edition slides 1.3 MB
Chapter 5. The discontinuous conduction mode 96kB
Chapter 6. Converter circuits 283kB, Updated second edition slides 1.5 MB
Part 2: Converter Dynamics and Control
Chapter 7. Ac equivalent circuit modeling 422kB
Chapter 8. Converter transfer functions 206 kB, Updated second edition slides 1.4 MB
Chapter 9. Controller design 365kB, Updated second edition slides 1 MB
First Edition Chapter 10. Ac and dc equivalent circuit modeling of the discontinuous conduction mode 218kB, Updated second edition Chapter 11 slides 248 kB
Second Edition Chapter 10. Input filter design 327 kB
First Edition Chapter 11. The current programmed mode 236kB
Part 3: Magnetics
First Edition Chapter 12. Basic magnetics theory 196kB, Updated Second Edition Chapter 13 slides 6.3 MB
First Edition Chapter 13. Filter inductor design 67kB, Updated Second Edition Chapter 14 slides 1.6 MB
First Edition Chapter 14. Transformer design 175kB, Updated Second Edition Chapter 15 slides 2 MB
Part 4: Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics
First Edition Chapter 15. Power and harmonics in nonsinusoidal systems 91kB, Updated Second Edition Chapter 16 slides 208 kB
First Edition Chapter 16. Line-commutated rectifiers 130kB, Updated Second Edition Chapter 17 slides 195 kB
Chapter 17. The ideal rectifier 235kB
Chapter 18. Low harmonic rectifier modeling and control
Part 5: Resonant Converters
Chapter 19. Resonant conversion 325kB
Chapter 20. Quasi-resonant converters 177kB
Appendices
Appendix 1. RMS values of commonly-observed converter waveforms 26 kB
Appendix 2. Magnetics design tables 26kB
Appendix 3. Averaged switch modeling of a CCM SEPIC 41kB

The Dragon NaturallySpeaking Guide Online

2004-11-21T05:44:00.000-08:00

The Dragon NaturallySpeaking Guide Online

Computer Aids for VLSI Design

2004-11-21T05:26:00.000-08:00

Computer Aids for VLSI Design

Chapter 1: The Characteristics of Digital Electronic Design 1.1: Design 1.2: Hierarchy 1.3: Views 1.4: Connectivity 1.5: Spatial Dimensionality 1.6: Summary
Chapter 2: Design Environments 2.1: Introduction 2.2: System Level 2.3: Algorithm Level 2.4: Component Level 2.5: Layout Level 2.6: Summary
Chapter 3: Representation 3.1: Introduction 3.2: General Issues of Representation 3.3: Hierarchy Representation 3.4: View Representation 3.5: Connectivity Representation 3.6: Geometry Representation 3.7: Summary
Chapter 4: Synthesis Tools 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Cell Contents Generation and Manipulation 4.3: Generators of Layout Outside the Cells 4.4: Cells and Their Environment 4.5: Silicon Compilers 4.6: Postlayout Generators 4.7: Summary
Chapter 5: Static Analysis Tools 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Node Extraction 5.3: Geometrical Design-Rule Checkers 5.4: Electrical-Rule Checkers 5.5: Verification 5.6: Summary
Chapter 6: Dynamic Analysis Tools 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Circuit-Level Simulators 6.3: Logic-Level Simulators 6.4: Functional- and Behavioral-Level 6.5: Simulation Issues 6.6: Event-Driven Simulation 6.7: Hardware and Simulation 6.8: Summary
Chapter 7: The Output of Design Aids 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Circuit Boards 7.3: Integrated Circuits 7.4: Implementation Issues 7.5: Summary
Chapter 8: Programmability 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Imperative Programming 8.3: Declarative Programming 8.4: Hierarchy 8.5: Summary
Chapter 9: Graphics 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Display Graphics 9.3: Hardcopy Graphics 9.4: Input Devices 9.5: Summary
Chapter 10: Human Engineering 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Task and User Modeling 10.3: Information Display 10.4: Command Language 10.5: Feedback 10.6: Summary
Chapter 11: Electric 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Representation 11.3: Programmability 11.4: Environments 11.5: Tools 11.6: Designing a Chip 11.7: Summary
Appendices A: Gerber Format B: Caltech Intermediate Format C: GDS II Format D: Electronic Design Interchange Format E: EBES Format F: References for the Entire Book G: Index

CGI Programming on the World Wide Web

2004-11-21T05:05:00.000-08:00

CGI Programming on the World Wide Web

Table of Contents
Preface Chapter 1: The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)Chapter 2: Input to the Common Gateway Interface Chapter 3: Output from the Common Gateway Interface Chapter 4: Forms and CGI Chapter 5: Server Side Includes Chapter 6: Hypermedia Documents Chapter 7: Advanced Form Applications Chapter 8: Multiple Form Interaction Chapter 9: Gateways, Databases, and Search/Index Utilities Chapter 10: Gateways to Internet Information Servers Chapter 11: Advanced and Creative CGI Applications Chapter 12: Debugging and Testing CGI Applications
Appendix A: Perl CGI Programming FAQ Appendix B: Summary of Regular Expressions Appendix C: CGI Modules for Perl 5 Appendix D: CGI Lite Appendix E: Applications, Modules, Utilities, and Documentation
Index Examples - Warning: this directory includes long filenames which may confuse some older operating systems (notably Windows 3.1).
Back to: CGI Programming on the World Wide Web
oreilly.com Home O'Reilly Bookstores How to Order O'Reilly Contacts International About O'Reilly Affiliated Companies Privacy Policy
© 2001, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

2004-11-21T05:01:00.000-08:00

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 1 - The Breadth and Depth of DSP
Chapter 2 - Statistics, Probability and Noise
Chapter 3 - ADC and DAC
Chapter 4 - DSP software
FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 5 - Linear Systems
Chapter 6 - Convolution
Chapter 7 - Properties of Convolution
Chapter 8 - The Discrete Fourier Transform
Chapter 9 - Applications of the DFT
Chapter 10 - Fourier Transform Properties
Chapter 11 - Fourier Transform Pairs
Chapter 12 - The Fast Fourier Transform
Chapter 13 - Continuous Signal Processing
DIGITAL FILTERS
Chapter 14 - Introduction to Digital Filters
Chapter 15 - Moving Average Filters
Chapter 16 - Windowed-Sinc Filters
Chapter 17 - Custom Filters
Chapter 18 - FFT Convolution
Chapter 19 - Recursive Filters
Chapter 20 - Chebyshev Filters
Chapter 21 - Filter Comparison
APPLICATIONS
Chapter 22 - Audio Processing
Chapter 23 - Image Formation and Display
Chapter 24 - Linear Image Processing
Chapter 25 - Special Imaging Techniques
Chapter 26 - Neural Networks (and more!)
Chapter 27 - Data Compression
Chapter 28 - Digital Signal Processors
Chapter 29 - Getting Started with DSPs
COMPLEX TECHNIQUES
Chapter 30 - Complex Numbers
Chapter 31 - The Complex Fourier Transform
Chapter 32 - The Laplace Transform
Chapter 33 - The z-Transform
REFERENCE
Front material - Table of Contents, Preface
Back material - Glossary, Index
Copyright and permissible use
Download the book as a single zipped file

Lessons In Electric Circuits

2004-11-21T04:56:00.000-08:00

Lessons In Electric Circuits

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

2004-11-21T04:54:00.000-08:00

A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Claude Shannon's ``A mathematical theory of communication'' was first published in two parts in the July and October 1948 editions of the Bell System Technical Journal [1]. The paper has appeared in a number of republications since:
The original 1948 version was reproduced in the collection Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory [2]. The paper also appears in Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers [3]. The text of the latter is a reproduction from the Bell Telephone System Technical Publications, a series of monographs by engineers and scientists of the Bell System published in the BSTJ and elsewhere. This version has correct section numbering (the BSTJ version has two sections numbered 21), and as far as we can tell, this is the only difference from the BSTJ version.
Prefaced by Warren Weaver's introduction, ``Recent contributions to the mathematical theory of communication,'' the paper was included in The Mathematical Theory of Communication, published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949 [4]. The text in this book differs from the original mainly in the following points:
the title is changed to ``The mathematical theory of communication'' and some sections have new headings,
Appendix 4 is rewritten,
the references to unpublished material have been updated to refer to the published material.
The text we present here is based on the BSTJ version with a number of corrections. (The version on this site before May 18th 1998 was based on the University of Illinois Press version.)
Here you can find a PostScript (460 Kbytes), gzipped PostScript (146 Kbytes) and pdf (358 Kbytes) version of Shannon's paper. PDF files can be viewed by Adobe's acrobat reader. Tarred and gzipped contents of the directory (63 Kbytes) that contain the LaTeX code for the paper is also available.
References
1
C. E. Shannon, ``A mathematical theory of communication,'' Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379-423 and 623-656, July and October, 1948.
2
D. Slepian, editor, Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, New York: IEEE Press, 1974.
3
N. J. A. Sloane and A. D. Wyner, editors, Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers, New York: IEEE Press, 1993.
4
W. Weaver and C. E. Shannon, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1949, republished in paperback 1963.
Emre Telatar, telatar@bell-labs.com Last Modified 2/2/1998

Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials (1995)

2004-11-21T02:15:00.000-08:00

Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials (1995), Table of Contents

FRONT MATTER i-xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-6 (skim)
PART I: DEFINITIONS AND ISSUES 7-8 (skim)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS 9-18 (skim)
CHAPTER 2: INTERDISCIPLINARY STRATEGY 19-28 (skim)
PART II: MATERIALS FOR SENSORS--IDENTIFYING NEEDS 29-32 (skim)
CHAPTER 3: SELECTED SENSOR APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING 33-46 (skim)
CHAPTER 4: SELECTED SENSOR APPLICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING AND CONTROL 47-61 (skim)
CHAPTER 5: LWIR SENSORS 62-72 (skim)
CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL SENSORS 73-88 (skim)
PART III: OPPORTUNITIES, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 89-90 (skim)
CHAPTER 7: SENSOR MATERIALS R&D OPPORTUNITIES 91-95 (skim)
CHAPTER 8: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96-100 (skim)
APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SENSOR TECHNOLOGY 101-103 (skim)
APPENDIX B: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY -- DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS . . . 104-107 (skim)
APPENDIX C: AN ILLUSTRATIVE SENSOR TAXONOMY 108-113 (skim)
APPENDIX D: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITORING POLYMER CURING 114-121 (skim)
APPENDIX E: FIGURES OF MERIT FOR INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS 122-123 (skim)
APPENDIX F: ACOUSTIC WAVE DEVICES FOR CHEMICAL SENSING 124-126 (skim)
APPENDIX G: CANDIDATE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS... 127-130 (skim)
APPENDIX H: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS 131-134 (skim)

Industrial engineering - ebooks

2004-11-21T02:09:00.000-08:00

Download-com - All free downloads at download-com, pdf, software, ppt

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 104K Basic PLC based control system, an undergraduate Controls course.

PLC Timers, Counters and More 208K Detailed studies of PLC Timers, Counters and More.

Basic PLC Ladder Logic Functions 156K Basic PLC Ladder Logic Functions, based on Allen Bradley PLC.

Advanced PLC Ladder Logic Functions 204K Advanced PLC Ladder Logic Functions, based on Allen Bradley PLC.

The True Cost of Downtime 964k Time management, project management and lean anufacturing enabler.

Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) 328K Planning, developing and managing an effective reliability and maintainability (R&M) program by NASA.

Facilities PM Guide 443K Standardized Facilities Preventive Maintenance Work Task Guide by NASA.

Agile Manufacturing 271K Agile Manufacturing ? An Enabling Technology for Competing in Changing Markets.

Manufacturing Strategy 243K The Government's Manufacturing Strategy (UK).

Lean Manufacturing (SME) 53K Transferring Lean Manufacturing to Small Manufacturers.

True Downtime Cost Article 353K 8 page article exploring just the "True" labor cost factor. (TDC)

Sept. Downtime Survey 388K 66 page report from BIN95 DT survey.

Information Systems in Fault Diagnosis 132K Research on effectiveness of maintenance information systems to support activities during machine breakdown.

Power Planner 79K Power Planner by Fabick Power Systems.

Basic Electronics

2004-11-19T04:35:00.000-08:00

Basic Electronics

Cover
TOC(Table of Contents)
Chapt.1
Chapt.2
Chapt.3
Chapt.4
Chapt.5
Chapt.6
Chapt.7
Chapt.8
Chapt.9
Chapt.10
Chapt.11
Chapt.12
Chapt.13
Chapt. 14
Chapt. 15
Chapt. 16
Chapt. 17

Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing

2004-11-14T05:47:00.000-08:00

Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing

Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgements xii
Glossary xiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Probability 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Spinning pointers and ipping coins 14
2.3 Probability spaces 22
2.4 Discrete probability spaces 44
2.5 Continuous probability spaces 54
2.6 Independence 68
2.7 Elementary conditional probability 70
2.8 Problems 73
3 Random variables, vectors, and processes 82
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Random variables 93
3.3 Distributions of random variables 102
3.4 Random vectors and random processes 112
3.5 Distributions of random vectors 115
3.6 Independent random variables 124
3.7 Conditional distributions 127
3.8 Statistical detection and classification 132
3.9 Additive noise 135
3.10 Binary detection in Gaussian noise 142
3.11 Statistical estimation 144
3.12 Characteristic functions 145
3.13 Gaussian random vectors 151
3.14 Simple random processes 152
3.15 Directly given random processes 156
3.16 Discrete time Markov processes 158
3.17 ⋆Nonelementary conditional probability 167
3.18 Problems 168
4 Expectation and averages 182
4.1 Averages 182
4.2 Expectation 185
4.3 Functions of random variables 188
4.4 Functions of several random variables 195
4.5 Properties of expectation 195
4.6 Examples 197
4.7 Conditional expectation 206
4.8 ⋆Jointly Gaussian vectors 209
4.9 Expectation as estimation 211
4.10 ⋆Implications for linear estimation 218
4.11 Correlation and linear estimation 221
4.12 Correlation and covariance functions 228
4.13 ⋆The central limit theorem 231
4.14 Sample averages 234
4.15 Convergence of random variables 236
4.16 Weak law of large numbers 243
4.17 ⋆Strong law of large numbers 245
4.18 Stationarity 249
4.19 Asymptotically uncorrelated processes 255
4.20 Problems 258
5 Second-order theory 275
5.1 Linear filtering of random processes 276
5.2 Linear systems I/O relations 278
5.3 Power spectral densities 284
5.4 Linearly filtered uncorrelated processes 286
5.5 Linear modulation 292
5.6 White noise 296
5.7 ⋆Time averages 299
5.8 ⋆Mean square calculus 303
5.9 ⋆Linear estimation and filtering 331
5.10 Problems 349
6 A menagerie of processes 363
6.1 Discrete time linear models 364
6.2 Sums of iid random variables 369
6.3 Independent stationary increment processes 370
6.4 ⋆Second-order moments of isi processes 373
6.5 Specification of continuous time isi processes 376
6.6 Moving-average and autoregressive processes 378
6.7 The discrete time Gauss–Markov process 380
6.8 Gaussian random processes 381
6.9 The Poisson counting process 382
6.10 Compound processes 385
6.11 Composite random processes 386
6.12 ⋆Exponential modulation 387
6.13 ⋆Thermal noise 392
6.14 Ergodicity 395
6.15 Random fields 398
6.16 Problems 400
Appendix A Preliminaries 411
A.1 Set theory 411
A.2 Examples of proofs 418
A.3 Mappings and functions 422
A.4 Linear algebra 423
A.5 Linear system fundamentals 427
A.6 Problems 431
Appendix B Sums and integrals 436
B.1 Summation 436
B.2 ⋆Double sums 439
B.3 Integration 441
B.4 ⋆The Lebesgue integral 443
Appendix C Common univariate distributions 446
Appendix D Supplementary reading 448
References 453
Index 457

Electricity Glossary

2004-11-13T10:25:00.000-08:00

Acid Rain: Also called acid precipitation or acid
deposition, acid rain is precipitation containing harmful
amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids formed primarily by
nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the
atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. It can be wet
precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation
(absorbed gaseous and particulate matter, aerosol
particles or dust). Acid rain has a pH below 5.6. Normal
rain has a pH of about 5.6, which is slightly acidic. The
term pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and ranges
from 0 to 14. A pH measurement of 7 is regarded as
neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate increased acidity,
while those above indicate increased alkalinity.

Actual Peak Load Reductions:
The actual reduction in annual peak load (measured in
kilowatts) achieved by consumers that participate in a
utility DSM program. It reflects the real changes in the
demand for electricity resulting from a utility DSM
program that is in effect at the same time the utility
experiences its annual peak load, as opposed to the
installed peak load reduction capability (i.e., Potential
Peak Load Reduction). It should account for the regular
cycling of energy efficient units during the period of
annual peak load.

Allowance for Funds
Used During Construction (AFUDC): A noncash item
representing the estimated composite interest costs of
debt and a return on equity funds used to finance
construction. The allowance is capitalized in the
property accounts and included in income.

Ampere: The unit of
measurement of electrical current produced in a circuit
by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 ohm.

Ancillary Services: Ancillary
services are those services necessary to support the
transmission of energy from resources to loads while
maintaining reliable operation of the Transmission
Provider’s transmission system in accordance with
Good Utility Practice.

Annual Effects: The
total effects in energy use (measured in megawatthours)
and peak load (measured in kilowatts) caused by all
participants in the DSM programs that are in effect
during a given year. It includes new and existing
participants in existing programs (those implemented in
prior years that are in place during the given year) and
all participants in new programs (those implemented
during the given year). The effects of new participants
in existing programs and all participants in new programs
should be based on their start-up dates (i.e., if
participants enter a program in July, only the effects
from July to December should be reported). If start-up
dates are unknown and cannot be reasonably estimated, the
effects can be annualized (i.e., assume the participants
were initiated into the program on January 1 of the given
year). The Annual Effects should consider the useful life
of efficiency measures, by accounting for building
demolition, equipment degradation and attrition.

Annual Transmission
Costs: The total annual cost of the Transmission
System shall be the amount specified in Schedule 1 until
amended by the Transmission Provider or modified by the
Commission.

Anthracite: A hard,
black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal,
containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and low
percentage of volatile matter.

Ash: Impurities
consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and other
noncombustible matter that are contained in coal. Ash
increases the weight of coal, adds to the cost of
handling, and can affect its burning characteristics. Ash
content is measured as a percent by weight of coal on an
"as received" or a "dry"
(moisture-free, usually part of a laboratory analysis)
basis.

Asset: An economic
resource, tangible or intangible, which is expected to
provide benefits to a business.

Available but not
Needed Capability: Net capability of
main generating units that are operable but not
considered necessary to carry load, and cannot be
connected to load within 30 minutes.

Average Revenue per
Kilowatt-hour: The average revenue per kilowatt-hour
of electricity sold by sector (residential, commercial,
industrial, or other) and geographic area (State, Census
division, and National), is calculated by dividing the
total monthly revenue by the corresponding total monthly
sales for each sector and geographic area.

Barrel: A
volumetric unit of measure for crude oil and petroleum
products equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons.

Base Bill: A charge
calculated through multiplication of the rate from the
appropriate electric rate schedule by the level of
consumption.

Baseload: The
minimum amount of electric power delivered or required
over a given period of time at a steady rate.

Baseload Capacity:
The generating equipment normally operated to serve loads
on an around-the-clock basis.

Baseload Plant: A
plant, usually housing high efficiency steam-electric
units, which is normally operated to take all or part of
the minimum load of a system, and which consequently
produces electricity at an essentially constant rate and
runs continuously. These units are operated to maximize
system mechanical and thermal efficiency and minimize
system operating costs.

Bbl: The
abbreviation for barrel.

Bcf: The
abbreviation for 1 billion cubic feet.

Bituminous Coal: The
most common coal. It is dense and black (often with
well-defined bands of bright and full material). Its
moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. It is
used for generating electricity, making coke, and space
heating. Comprises five groups classified according to
the following ASTM Specification D388-84, on a dry
mineral-matter-free (mmf) basis for fixed-carbon and
volatile matter and a moist mmf basis for calorific
value.

LV = Low
volatile bituminous coal

MV = Medium volatile
bituminous coal

HVA = High volatile A
bituminous coal

HVB = High volatile B
bituminous coal

HVC = High volatile C
bituminous coal

Boiler: A device
for generating steam for power, processing, or heating
purposes or for producing hot water for heating purposes
or hot water supply. Heat from an external combustion
source is transmitted to a fluid contained within the
tubes in the boiler shell. This fluid is delivered to an
end-use at a desired pressure, temperature, and quality.

Btu (British Thermal
Unit): A standard unit for measuring the quantity of
heat energy equal to the quantity of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree
Fahrenheit.

Capability: The
maximum load that a generating unit, generating station,
or other electrical apparatus can carry under specified
conditions for a given period of time without exceeding
approved limits of temperature and stress.

Capacity: The
amount of electric power delivered or required for which
a generator, turbine, transformer, transmission circuit,
station, or system is rated by the manufacturer.

Capacity (Purchased):
The amount of energy and capacity available for purchase
from outside the system.

Capacity Charge: An
element in a two-part pricing method used in capacity
transactions (energy charge is the other element). The
capacity charge, sometimes called Demand Charge, is
assessed on the amount of capacity being purchased.

Capital (Financial): The
line items on the right side of a balance sheet that
include debt, preferred stock, and common equity. A net
increase in assets must be financed by an increase in one
or more forms of capital.

Census Divisions:
The nine geographic divisions of the United States
established by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department
of Commerce, for the purpose of statistical analysis. The
boundaries of Census divisions coincide with state
boundaries. The Pacific Division is subdivided into the
Pacific Contiguous and Pacific Noncontiguous areas.

Circuit: A
conductor or a system of conductors through which
electric current flows.

Coal: A black or
brownish-black solid combustible substance formed by the
partial decomposition of vegetable matter without access
to air. The rank of coal, which includes anthracite,
bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, is
based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, and heating
value. Coal rank indicates the progressive alteration
from lignite to anthracite. Lignite contains
approximately 9 to 17 million Btu per ton. The contents
of subbituminous and bituminous coal range from 16 to 24
million Btu per ton and from 19 to 30 million Btu per
ton, respectively. Anthracite contains approximately 22
to 28 million Btu per ton.

Cogenerator: A
generating facility that produces electricity and another
form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam)
used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling
purposes. To receive status as a qualifying facility (QF)
under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA),
the facility must produce electric energy and
"another form of useful thermal energy through the
sequential use of energy," and meet certain
ownership, operating, and efficiency criteria established
by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (See
the code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 292.)

Coincidental Demand:
The sum of two or more demands that occur in the same
time interval.

Coincidental Peak Load:
The sum of two or more peak loads that occur in the same
time interval.

Coke (Petroleum): A
residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that
is the final product of thermal decomposition in the
condensation process in cracking. This product is
reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The
conversion factor is 5 barrels (42 U.S. gallons each) per
short ton.

Combined Cycle: An
electric generating technology in which electricity is
produced from otherwise lost waste heat exiting from one
more gas (combustion) turbines. The exiting heat is
routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery
steam generator for utilization by a steam turbine in the
production of electricity. This process increases the
efficiency of the electric generating unit.

Combined Cycle Unit: An
electric generating unit that consists of one or more
combustion turbines and one or more boilers with a
portion of the required energy input to the boiler(s)
provided by the exhaust gas of the combustion turbine(s).

Combined Pumped-Storage
Plant: A pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant
that uses both pumped water and natural streamflow to
produce electricity.

Commercial: The
commercial sector is generally defined as
nonmanufacturing business establishments, including
hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail
stores, and health, social, and educational institutions.
The utility may classify commercial service as all
consumers whose demand or annual use exceeds some
specified limit. The limit may be set by the utility
based on the rate schedule of the utility.

Commercial Operation: Commercial
operation begins when control of the loading of the
generator is turned over to the system dispatcher.

Commission: The
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Connection: The
physical connection (e.g. transmission lines,
transformers, switch gear, etc.) between two electric
systems permitting the transfer of electric energy in one
or both directions.

Conservation and Other
DSM: This Demand-Side Management category represents
the amount of consumer peak load reduction at the time of
system peak due to utility programs that reduce consumer
load during many hours of the year. Examples include
utility rebate and shared savings activities for the
installation of energy efficient appliances, lighting and
electrical machinery, and weatherization materials. In
addition, this category includes all other Demand-Side
Management activities, such as thermal storage,
time-of-use rates, fuel substitutions, measurement and
evaluation, and any other utility-administered
Demand-Side Management activity designed to reduce demand
and/or electricity use.

Construction Work In
Progress (CWIP): The balance shown on a
utility’s balance sheet for construction work not
yet completed but in process. This balance line item may
or may not be included in the rate base.

Consumption (Fuel):
The amount of fuel used for gross generation, providing
standby service, start-up and/or flame stabilization.

Contract Price: Price
of fuels marketed on a contract basis covering a period
of 1 or more years. Contract prices reflect market
conditions at the time the contract was negotiated and
therefore remain constant throughout the life of the
contract or are adjusted through escalation clauses.
Generally, contract prices do not fluctuate widely.

Contract Receipts:
Purchases based on a negotiated agreement that generally
covers a period of 1 or more years.

Control Area: An
electric power system or combination of electric power
systems to which a common automatic control scheme is
applied in order to: (1) match, at all times, the power
output of the generators within the electric power
system(s) and capacity and energy purchased from entities
outside the electric power system(s), with the load in
the electric power system(s); (2) maintain, within the
limits of Good Utility Practice, scheduled interchange
with other Control Areas; (3) maintain the frequency of
the electric power system(s) within reasonable limits in
accordance with Good Utility Practice; and (4) provide
sufficient generating capacity to maintain operating
reserves in accordance with Good Utility Practice.

Cooling System: Energy
Efficiency program promotion aimed at improving the
efficiency of the cooling delivery system, including
replacement, in the residential, commercial, or
industrial sectors.

Cooperative Electric
Utility: An electric utility legally established to
be owned by and operated for the benefit of those using
its service. The utility company will generate, transmit,
and/or distribute supplies of electric energy to a
specified area not being serviced by another utility.
Such ventures are generally exempt from Federal income
tax laws. Most electric cooperatives have been initially
financed by the Rural Electrification Administration,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Cost: The amount
paid to acquire resources, such as plant and equipment,
fuel, or labor services.

Current (Electric):
A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. The
strength or rate of movement of the electricity is
measured in amperes.

Delivering Party:
The entity supplying the capacity and/or energy to be
transmitted at Point(s) of Receipt.

Demand (Electric): The
rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a
system, part of a system or piece of equipment, at a
given instant or averaged over any designated period of
time.

Demand-Side Management:
The planning, implementation, and monitoring of
utility activities designed to encourage consumers to
modify patterns of electricity usage, including the
timing and level of electricity demand. It refers only to
energy and load-shape modifying activities that are
undertaken in response to utility-administered programs.
It does not refer to energy and load-shape changes
arising from the normal operation of the marketplace or
from government-mandated energy efficiency standards.
Demand-Side Management (DSM) covers the complete range of
load-shape objectives, including strategic conservation
and load management, as well as strategic load growth.

Demand-Side Management
Costs: The costs incurred by the utility to achieve
the capacity and energy savings from the Demand-Side
Management Program. Costs (expenditures) incurred by
consumers or third parties are to be excluded. The costs
are to be reported in nominal dollars in the year in
which they are incurred, regardless of when the savings
occur. Program costs include expensed items incurred to
implement the program, incentive payments provided to
consumers to install Demand-Side Management measures, and
annual operation and maintenance expenses incurred during
the year. Utility costs that are general, administrative,
or not specific to a particular Demand-Side Management
category are to be included in "other" costs.

Designated Agent: Any
entity that performs actions or functions on behalf of
the Transmission Provider, an eligible Customer or the
Transmission Customer required under the Tariff.

Direct Load Control: Refers
to program activities that can interrupt consumer load at
the time of annual peak load by direct control of the
utility system operator by interrupting power supply to
individual appliances or equipment on consumer premises.
This type of control usually involves residential
consumers. Direct Load Control excludes Interruptible
Load and Other Load Management effects. (Direct Load
Control, as defined here, is synonymous with Direct Load
Control Management reported to the North American
Electric Reliability Council on the voluntary Office of
Energy Emergency Operations Form OE-411,
"Coordinated Regional Bulk Power Supply Program
Report," with the exception that annual peak load
effects are reported here and seasonal (i.e., summer and
winter) peak load effects are reported on the OE-411).

Direct Utility Cost:
A utility cost that is identified with one of the DSM
program categories (i.e., Energy Efficiency, Direct Load
Control, Interruptible Load, Other Load Management, Other
DSM Programs, Load Building).

Distillate Fuel Oil: A
general classification for one of the petroleum fractions
produced in conventional distillation operations. It is
used primarily for space heating, on-and-off-highway
diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and
fuel for agriculture machinery), and electric power
generation. Included are Fuel Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No.
4; and Diesel Fuels No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4.

Distribution System:
The portion of an electric system that is dedicated to
delivering electric energy to an end user.

Diversity Exchange: An
exchange of capacity or energy, or both, between systems
whose peak loads occur at different times.

Electric Plant
(Physical): A facility containing prime movers,
electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for
converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy
into electric energy.

Electric Rate Schedule:
A statement of the electric rate and the terms and
conditions governing its application, including attendant
contract terms and conditions that have been accepted by
a regulatory body with appropriate oversight authority.

Electric Utility: A
corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal
entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates
facilities within the United States, its territories, or
Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission,
distribution, or sale of electric energy primarily for
use by the public and files forms listed in the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that
qualify as cogenerators or small power producers under
the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) are
not considered electric utilities.

Energy: The
capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of
doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this
capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several
forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be
changed to another form useful for work. Most of the
world’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels
that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a
transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to
accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured
in kilowatt-hours, while heat energy is usually measured
in British thermal units.

Energy Charge: That
portion of the charge for electric service based upon the
electric energy (kWh) consumed or billed.

Energy Deliveries:
Energy generated by one electric utility system and
delivered to another system through one or more
transmission lines.

Energy Effects: The
changes in aggregate electricity use (measured in
megawatthours) for customers that participate in a
utility DSM program. Energy Effects should represent
changes at the consumer meter (i.e., exclude transmission
and distribution effects) and reflect only activities
that are undertaken specifically in response to
utility-administered programs, including those activities
implemented by third parties under contract to the
utility. To the extent possible, Energy Effects should
exclude non-program related effects such as changes in
energy usage attributable to nonparticipants,
government-mandated energy efficiency standards that
legislate improvements in building and appliance energy
usage, changes in consumer behavior that result in
greater energy use after initiation in a DSM program, the
natural operations of the marketplace, and weather and
business cycle adjustments.

Energy Efficiency:
Refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy
used by specific end-use devices and systems, typically
without affecting the services provided. These programs
reduce overall electricity consumption (reported in
megawatthours), often without explicit consideration for
the timing of program-induced savings. Such savings are
generally achieved by substituting technically more
advanced equipment to produce the same level of end-use
services (e.g. lighting, heating, motor drive) with less
electricity. Examples include high-efficiency appliances,
efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating,
ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems or
control modifications, efficient building design,
advanced electric motor drives, and heat recovery
systems.

Energy Receipts: Energy
generated by one electric utility system and received by
another system through one or more transmission lines.

Energy Source: The
primary source that provides the power that is converted
to electricity through chemical, mechanical, or other
means. Energy sources include coal, petroleum and
petroleum products, gas, water, uranium, wind, sunlight,
geothermal, and other sources.

Equity Capital: The
sum of capital from retained earnings and the issuance of
stocks.

Expenditure: The
incurrence of a liability to obtain an asset or service.

Facility: An
existing or planned location or site at which prime
movers, electric generators, and/or equipment for
converting mechanical, chemical, and/or nuclear energy
into electric energy are situated, or will be situated. A
facility may contain more than one generator of either
the same or different prime mover type. For a
cogenerator, the facility includes the industrial or
commercial process.

Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC): A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale
electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline
certification.

Federal Power Act: Enacted
in 1920 and amended in 1935, the Act consists of three
parts. The first part incorporated the Federal Water
Power Act administered by the former Federal Power
Commission, whose activities were confined almost
entirely to licensing non-Federal hydroelectric projects.
Parts II and III were added with the passage of the
Public Utility Act. These parts extended the Act’s
jurisdiction to include regulating the interstate
transmission of electrical energy and rates for its sale
as wholesale in interstate commerce. The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission is now charged with the
administration of this law.

Federal Power
Commission: The predecessor agency of the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power
Commission (FPC) was created by an Act of Congress under
the Federal Water Power Act on June 10, 1920. It was
charged originally with regulating the electric power and
natural gas industries. The FPC was abolished on
September 20, 1977, when the Department of Energy was
created. The functions of the FPC were divided between
the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission.

FERC: The Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission.

Firm Gas: Gas sold
on a continuous and generally long-term contract.

Firm Power: Power
or power producing capacity intended to be available at
all times during the period covered by a guaranteed
commitment to deliver, even under adverse conditions.

Firm Transmission
Service: Point-to-point transmission service that is
reserved and/or scheduled for a term of one year or more
and that is of the same priority as that of the
Transmission Provider’s firm use of the transmission
system. Firm Transmission service that is reserved and/or
scheduled for a term of less than one year shall be
considered Short-Term Firm Transmission Service for the
purposes of service liability.

Flue Gas
Desulfurization Unit (Scrubber): Equipment used to
remove sulfur oxides from the combustion gases of a
boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere.
Chemicals, such as lime, are used as the scrubbing media.

Flue Gas Particulate
Collectors: Equipment used to remove fly ash from the
combustion gases of a boiler plant before discharge to
the atmosphere. Particulate collectors include
electrostatic precipitators, mechanical collectors
(cyclones), fabric filters (baghouses), and wet
scrubbers.

Fly Ash: Particle
matter from coal ash in which the particle diameter is
less than 1 x 10-4 meter. This is removed from the flue
gas using flue gas particulate collectors such as fabric
filters and electrostatic precipitators.

Fossil Fuel: Any
naturally occurring organic fuel, such as petroleum,
coal, and natural gas.

Fossil-Fuel Plant: A
plant using coal, petroleum, or gas as its source of
energy.

Fuel: Any substance
that can be burned to produce heat; also, materials that
can be fissioned in a chain reaction to produce heat.

Fuel Expenses: These
costs include the fuel used in the production of steam or
driving another prime mover for the generation of
electricity. Other associated expenses include unloading
the shipped fuel and all handling of the fuel up to the
point where it enters the first bunker, hopper, bucket,
tank, or holder in the boiler house structure.

Full-Forced Outage: The
net capability of main generating units that are
unavailable for load for emergency reasons.

Gas: A fuel burned
under boilers and by internal combustion engines for
electric generation. These include natural, manufactured,
and waste gas.

Gas Turbine Plant:
A plant in which the prime mover is a gas turbine. A gas
turbine consists typically of an axial-flow air
compressor, one or more combustion chambers, where liquid
or gaseous fuel is burned and the hot gases are passed to
the turbine and where the hot gases expand to drive the
generator and are then used to run the compressor.

Generating Unit: Any
combination of physically connected generator(s),
reactor(s), boiler(s), combustion turbine(s), or other
prime mover(s) operated together to produce electric
power.

Generation
(Electricity): The process of producing electric
energy by transforming other forms of energy; also, the
amount of electric energy produced, expressed in
watt-hours (Wh).

Gross Generation: The
total amount of electric energy produced by the
generating units at a generating station or stations,
measured at the generator terminals.

Net Generation: Gross
generation less the electric energy consumed at the
generating station for station use.

Generator: A
machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

Generator Nameplate
Capacity: The full-load continuous rating of a
generator, prime mover, or other electric power
production equipment under specific conditions as
designated by the manufacturer. Installed generator
nameplate rating is usually indicated on a nameplate
physically attached to the generator.

Geothermal Plant: A
plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The
turbine is driven either by steam produced from hot water
or by natural steam that derives its energy from heat
found in rocks or fluids at various depths beneath the
surface of the earth. The energy is extracted by drilling
and/or pumping.

Gigawatt (GW): One
billion watts.

Gigawatthour (GWh):
One billion watt-hours.

Good Utility Practice:
Any of the practices, methods, and acts engaged in or
approved by a significant portion of the electric utility
industry during the relevant time period, or any of the
practices, methods, and acts which, in the exercise of
reasonable judgment in light of the facts known at the
time the decision was made, could have been expected to
accomplish the desired result of the lowest reasonable
cost consistent with good business practices,
reliability, safety and expedition. Good Utility Practice
is not intended to be limited to the optimum practice,
method, or act to the exclusion of all others, but rather
to be acceptable practices, methods, or acts generally
accepted in the region and consistently adhered to by the
Transmission Provider.

Greenhouse Effect: The
increasing mean global surface temperature of the earth
caused by gases in the atmosphere (including carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and
chlorofluorocarbon). The greenhouse effect allows solar
radiation to penetrate but absorbs the infrared radiation
returning to space.

Grid: The layout of
an electrical distribution system.

Heating System: Energy
Efficiency program promotion aimed at improving the
efficiency of the heating delivery system, including
replacement, in the residential, commercial, or
industrial sectors.

Heavy Oil: The fuel
oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled
off during the refining process. Except for start-up and
flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in
steam plants is heavy oil.

Hourly Non-Firm
Transmission Service: Point-to-point
transmission that is scheduled and paid for on an
as-available basis and is subject to interruption.

Hydroelectric Plant: A
plant in which the turbine generators are driven by
falling water.

Incremental
Effects: The annual effects in energy use
(measured in megawatthours) and peak load (measured in
kilowatts) caused by new participants in existing DSM
programs and all participants in new DSM programs during
a given year. Reported Incremental Effects should be
annualized to indicate the program effects that would
have occurred had these participants been initiated into
the program on January 1 of the given year. Incremental
effects are not simply the Annual Effects of a given year
minus the Annual Effects of the prior year, since these
net effects would fail to account for program attrition,
degradation, demolition, and participant dropouts.

Indirect Utility Cost: A
utility cost that may not be meaningfully identified with
any particular DSM program category. Indirect costs could
be attributable to one of several accounting cost
categories (i.e., Administrative, Marketing, Monitoring
& Evaluation, Utility-Earned Incentives, Other).
Accounting costs that are known DSM program costs should
not be reported under Indirect Utility Cost, rather those
costs should be reported as Direct Utility Costs under
the appropriate DSM program category.

Industrial: The
industrial sector is generally defined as manufacturing,
construction, mining, agriculture, fishing, and forestry
establishments (Standard Industrial Classification [SIC]
codes 01-39). The utility may classify industrial service
using the SIC codes, or based on demand or annual usage
exceeding some specified limit. The limit may be set by
the utility based on the rate schedule of the utility.

Interdepartmental
Service (Electric): Interdepartmental service
includes amounts charged by the electric department at
tariff or other specified rates for electricity supplied
by it to other utility departments.

Intermediate Load
(Electric System): The range from base load to a
point between base load and peak. This point may be the
midpoint, a percent of the peakload, or the load over a
specified time period.

Internal Combustion
Plant: A plant in which the prime mover is an
internal combustion engine. An internal combustion engine
has one or more cylinders in which the process of
combustion takes place, converting energy released from
the rapid burning of a fuel-air mixture into mechanical
energy. Diesel or gas-fired engines are the principal
types used in electric plants. The plant is usually
operated during periods of high demand for electricity.

Interruptible Gas:
Gas sold to customers with a provision that permits
curtailment or cessation of service at the discretion of
the distributing company under certain circumstances, as
specified in the service contract.

Interruptible Load: Refers
to program activities that, in accordance with
contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at
times of seasonal peak load by direct control of the
utility system operator or by action of the consumer at
the direct request of the system operator. It usually
involves commercial and industrial consumers. In some
instances the load reduction may be affected by direct
action of the system operator (remote tripping) after
notice to the consumer in accordance with contractual
provisions. For example, loads that can be interrupted to
fulfill planning or operation reserve requirements should
be reported as Interruptible Load. Interruptible Load as
defined here excludes Direct Load Control and Other Load
Management. (Interruptible Load, as reported here, is
synonymous with Interruptible Demand reported to the
North American Electric Reliability Council on the
voluntary Office of Energy Emergency Operations Form
OE-411, "Coordinated Regional Bulk Power Supply
Program Report," with the exception that annual peak
load effects are reported on the Form EIA-861 and
seasonal (i.e., summer and winter) peak load effects are
reported on the OE-411).

Kilowatt (kW): One
thousand watts.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh):
One thousand watt-hours.

Leverage Ratio: A
measure that indicates the financial ability to meet debt
service requirements and increase the value of the
investment to the stockholders (i.e., the ratio of total
debt to total assets).

Liability:
An amount payable in dollars or by future services to be
rendered.

Light Oil: Lighter
fuel oils distilled off during the refining process.
Virtually all petroleum used in internal combustion and
gas turbine engines is light oil.

Lignite: A
brownish-black coal of low rank with high inherent
moisture and volatile matter (used almost exclusively for
electric power generation). It is also referred to as
brown coal. Comprises two groups classified according to
the following ASTM Specification D388-84 for calorific
values on a moist material-matter-free basis:

Load (Electric): The
amount of electric power delivered or required at any
specific point or points on a system. The requirement
originates at the energy consuming equipment of the
consumers.

Load Building: Refers
to programs that are aimed at increasing the usage of
existing electric equipment or the addition of electric
equipment. Examples include industrial technologies such
as induction heating and melting, direct arc furnaces and
infrared drying; cooking for commercial establishments;
and heat pumps for residences. Load Building should
include programs that promote electric fuel substitution.
Load Building effects should be reported as a negative
number, shown with a minus sign.

Load Ratio Share:
Ratio of a Transmission Customer’s Network Load to
the Transmission Provider’s total load computed in
accordance with Sections 11.2 and 11.3 and calculated on
a rolling twelve month basis.

Lessons In Electric Circuits

2004-11-08T06:51:00.000-08:00

Lessons In Electric Circuits: "A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics"

Volume I - DC Volume II - AC Volume III - Semiconductors

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